The Science of Cannabis: How THC and CBD Work in the Body

Cannabis has been used for centuries for its medicinal and recreational properties, but only in recent years have scientists begun to understand how its active compounds interact with the human body. If you're looking into VA Dispensaries, you have probably heard about two of the most well-known cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).

These compounds have vastly different effects, despite coming from the same plant. To understand their impact, we must explore the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex cell-signaling network that regulates various bodily functions.

The Endocannabinoid System: The Body’s Internal Cannabis Network

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system found in all mammals. It plays a key role in regulating mood, pain, appetite, memory, sleep, immune function, and more. The ECS consists of three main components:

1. Endocannabinoids – Naturally occurring compounds in the body, similar to cannabinoids in cannabis.

   
   

2. Receptors – CB1 and CB2 receptors, which interact with cannabinoids to produce effects.

   
   

3. Enzymes – Responsible for breaking down cannabinoids once they’ve served their purpose.

   
   

CB1 receptors are primarily found in the brain and central nervous system, while CB2 receptors are more common in the immune system and peripheral organs. The way cannabinoids interact with these receptors determines their effects.

How THC Affects the Body

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychoactive compound in cannabis responsible for the euphoric “high.” You can find what percentage of THC is in a VA dispensary product by reading its testing label. THC closely resembles anandamide, a natural endocannabinoid that binds to CB1 receptors in the brain. Because of this similarity, THC can mimic anandamide and directly activate CB1 receptors, leading to a range of psychological and physiological effects:

• Euphoria and Relaxation – THC stimulates dopamine release, which enhances feelings of pleasure and relaxation.

  
  

• Altered Perception and Cognition – THC affects the brain’s processing of sensory information, which can alter perception, memory, and coordination.

  
  

• Pain Relief – By interacting with CB1 receptors in pain pathways, THC can reduce the perception of pain.

  
  

• Increased Appetite – Often called the “munchies,” THC activates brain regions involved in appetite stimulation.

  
  

• Potential Side Effects – High doses of THC can cause anxiety, paranoia, dry mouth, dizziness, and short-term memory impairment.

  
  

How CBD Affects the Body

Cannabidiol (CBD), unlike THC, does not produce a high. Instead, it interacts with the ECS in a more indirect way. CBD does not bind strongly to CB1 or CB2 receptors but influences them by modulating other neurotransmitter systems. This results in effects such as:

• Anti-Anxiety and Stress Reduction – CBD interacts with serotonin receptors, which play a role in mood regulation.

  
  

• Pain and Inflammation Reduction – CBD affects TRPV1 receptors, known for their role in pain perception and inflammation.

  
  

• Neuroprotection – Studies suggest CBD may have protective effects on brain cells, making it a potential option for neurological disorders.

  
  

• Anti-Seizure Properties – CBD has been FDA-approved in the form of Epidiolex for treating certain forms of epilepsy.

  
  

• Balancing THC’s Effects – CBD can counteract some of the negative effects of THC, such as anxiety and paranoia.

  
  

The Entourage Effect: How THC and CBD Work Together

While THC and CBD have distinct effects, they often work best together. This synergy is known as the entourage effect—a phenomenon where different cannabinoids, terpenes, and other plant compounds enhance each other’s benefits. For example, CBD can mitigate some of THC’s psychoactive side effects, creating a more balanced experience. This is why many cannabis users prefer full-spectrum products over isolates.

How Cannabis is Consumed and Its Effects on Absorption

The effects of THC and CBD can vary depending on how cannabis is consumed. Here’s how the two most common methods of consumption influence absorption and effects:

• Smoking or Vaping – Inhaled cannabis enters the bloodstream through the lungs, producing rapid effects within minutes. THC levels peak quickly, making it the preferred method for those seeking immediate relief.

  
  

• Edibles – Cannabis-infused foods take longer to take effect (30 minutes to 2 hours) because they must pass through the digestive system. However, the effects last longer and can be more intense due to the liver converting THC into a more potent form (11-hydroxy-THC).

  
  

Most products in VA dispensaries will have details of how much THC and CBD they contain. This makes it much easier to choose a product that will match the effect you are looking to enjoy. Ultimately the science of cannabis is complex, but understanding how THC and CBD interact with the body helps users make informed decisions.

Whether you’re seeking relaxation, pain relief, or an uplifting experience, knowing how cannabinoids affect the ECS can enhance your cannabis experience. With this knowledge, you can decide what kind of products you are looking for during your next visit to a VA dispensary.